1997 Mazda Protege Problems after oil change

I recently changed my oil, something I've done countless times before. I filled the oil until it showed the right level on the dipstick and went out to run some errands. After a few blocks the car started to have problems. It would rev up high before finally shifting gears and had a hard time starting from a stop. I pulled over to make sure I'd put in enough oil and it looked fine.

After driving about 5 miles of this I stopped and checked again and realized the dipstick had been sticking and hadn't gone all the way down. Turns out I'd dramatically overfilled it. I drove straight home and drained the excess oil but the car's still having the same problem. This morning I tried to drive it and barely got it around the block. The engine revs high but never seems to engage properly so even though I'm flooring it it's barely moving.

Did I destroy my car or is this something that can be easily fixed?