Hi,
If you are using water, please keep in mind, it boils at 212F. In the summer, the engine runs at approximately 210, so if it is getting a little warmer, that can be a problem and engine coolant should be used.
Next, is there any evidence of a leak under the vehicle? Is there any white smoke from the exhaust?
You asked what could cause the overheating issue. It could be any of the things you mentioned. However, if you are using that much coolant, either there is an external leak, the head gasket is failing, or you are using water along with a faulty radiator cap, and it is evaporating.
As far as the cooling fans, when the engine temperature reaches approximately 215F, they should turn on. Also, if you are using the A/C, it should be on with the A/C.
I am going to attach two links I want you to look through to see if you are able to identify any of the things mentioned. Let me know if you do.
https://www.2carpros.com/articles/car-is-leaking-coolant
https://www.2carpros.com/articles/head-gasket-blown-test
Let me know what you find. Also, let me know as much as you can about what is happening. Also, and don't laugh, let me know if the heater works.
Take care,
Joe
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Friday, July 8th, 2022 AT 9:07 PM